The "Phase Down" of Dental Amalgam Restorations - What are the Criteria for Replacement and Indication?

ABSTRACT Objective: To guide professionals about the criteria for replacing amalgam restorations and inform them about the new guidelines regarding the use/indication of this (amalgam) material after the Minamata Convention - COP-4. Material and Methods: The articles were selected from the databases (PubMed, Scielo, Bireme), and relevant articles on the subject between the years 2003-2021 were selected. Recently, social media have been flooded with dental treatments that aim to perform restorations only with composite resins or other types of esthetic material and completely replace all dental amalgam restorations, irrespective of their time in place, size, and functionality. Results: Although improperly, it has been noted that this information reaches patients, and they are led to believe in the inaccurate data that is passed on, such as, for example, (that amalgam leads to) permanent contamination by mercury, causing systemic problems and the loss of the tooth. Conclusion: The "phase down" of amalgam in research and teaching has previously been observed in several countries worldwide; however, its use is still necessary given particular circumstances, which, theoretically, make it a material with exact indication.

Can 1st and 6th month pulmonary function test follow-ups give an idea about the long-term respiratory effects of COVID-19 pneumonia?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to ascertain the long-term respiratory effects of COVID-19 pneumonia through pulmonary function tests in follow-ups at 1 and 6 months. METHODS: Our study was conducted between August 1, 2020 and April 30, 2021. At 1 month after discharge, follow-up evaluations, PFTs, and lung imaging were performed on patients aged above 18 years who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia. In the 6th month, the PFTs were repeated for those with pulmonary dysfunction. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients (mean age, 49±11.9 years) were included. Pathological PFT results were noted in the 1st month for 80 patients and in the 6th month for 46 (7 had obstructive disorder, 15 had restrictive disorder, and 28 had small airway obstruction) patients. A significant difference was found between abnormal PFT results and patient-described dyspnea in the 1st month of follow-up. The 6-month PFT values (especially those for forced vital capacity) were statistically significantly lower in the patients for whom imaging did not indicate complete radiological improvement at the 1-month follow-up. No statistically significant difference was found between the severity of the first computed tomography findings or clinical condition on emergency admission and pulmonary dysfunction (Pearson's chi-square test, P=0.904; Fisher's exact test, P=0.727). CONCLUSION: It is important that patients with COVID-19 pneumonia be followed up for at least 1 month after discharge to be monitored for potential long-term lung damage. PFTs should be administered to those in whom ongoing dyspnea, which started with COVID-19, and/or full recovery were not identified in pulmonary imaging.

Diabetes mellitus asociada al uso crónico de antipsicóticos atípicos / Diabetes mellitus association with chronic use of atypical antipsychotics

Resumen Los agentes antipsicóticos son considerados como el principal tratamiento farmacológico para el manejo de mantenimiento y el tratamiento de casos agudos de la esquizofrenia y otros trastornos mentales. Estos medicamentos están clasificados en dos grupos: los antipsicóticos de primera generación o antipsicóticos típicos (AT) y los antipsicóticos de segunda generación o antipsicóticos atípicos (AA). En relación con el uso de los antipsicóticos típicos (AT), se han descrito importantes efectos adversos, sobre todo síntomas extrapiramidales (EPS), lo cual ha relegado su uso y fomenta el mayor empleo en la práctica clínica de los antipsicóticos atípicos (AA) gracias a la adecuada efectividad clínica demostrada hasta el momento. Sin embargo, estos medicamentos están asociados con diferentes alteraciones metabólicas, entre las cuales se encuentra un mayor riesgo de diabetes; para lo cual se han propuesto varios mecanismos etiopatogénicos. En esta revisión narrativa, se presenta un resumen actualizado de la literatura de los últimos 5 años sobre el uso de antipsicóticos atípicos y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, haciendo énfasis en las diferentes hipótesis reportadas hasta el momento que involucran el aumento de peso y diferentes efectos mediados por hormonas, receptores de neurotransmisores y neuropéptidos que impactan en la génesis de los estados hiperglucémicos y de insulinorresistencia.

Abstract Antipsychotic agents are currently considered as the main pharmacological treatment that helps the maintenance management of acute schizophrenia and other mental disorders. These drugs are classified into two groups: First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) or typical antipsychotics, and Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) also known as atypical antipsychotics (AAP). In relation to the use of typical antipsychotics, some relevant adverse effects have been described, especially in terms of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), which has downgraded their use and encourages the treatment of atypical antipsychotics (AAP) due to the adequate clinical effectiveness demonstrated so far in the practice. However, these drugs have been associated with different metabolic alterations such as the increased risk of suffering from diabetes; thus, several etiopathogenic mechanisms have been proposed. In this narrative review, we seek to present an updated summary of the literature of the last five years about the use of atypical antipsychotics and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here it has been emphasized the different hypotheses reported so far that involve weight gain and different effects mediated by hormones, neurotransmitter receptors, and neuropeptides that impact on the genesis of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance states

Síndrome da embolia gordurosa secundária ao uso de polimetilmetacrilato na bioplastia: uma revisão sistemática / Fat embolism syndrome secondary to the use of polymethylmethacrylate in bioplasty: a systematic review

A síndrome da embolia gordurosa (SEG) é definida como a presença de êmbolos gordurosos, não apenas no sistema pulmonar, como também na circulação sistêmica, com manifestações inflamatórias, neurológicas e cutâneas. Na cirurgia estética, atualmente, o material polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) apresenta indicação para técnicas de preenchimento cutâneo, utilizado na forma injetável em pequenos procedimentos estéticos não incisionais, conhecidos como bioplastia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo fazer uma revisão sistemática de literatura para mostrar estudos clínicos que abordassem a ocorrência de síndrome da embolia gordurosa em pacientes que se submeteram a infiltração de PMMA (polimetilmetacrilato) na bioplastia. Mesmo com esgotamento de fontes e ampliação da pesquisa sistemática que seguiu os preceitos do protocolo PRISMA, a resposta foi de apenas um artigo que foi adicionado ao presente estudo. Infelizmente não há revisões ou estudos experimentais que contemplem a SEG na infiltração com PMMA. A maioria dos relatos disponibilizados é proveniente de lipoaspiração e correlacionados ao trauma ósseo quando citado o uso de PMMA. Esta revisão serve de alerta para os estudos e relatos não científicos sobre os riscos da utilização de PMMA na bioplastia, mas não se obteve relatos ou relacionados com a embolia gordurosa, potencialmente fatal.

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is defined as the presence of fatty emboli, not only in the pulmonary system, but also in the systemic circulation, with inflammatory, neurological and cutaneous manifestations. Currently, in cosmetic surgery, the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) material is indicated for skin filling techniques used in injectable form in small non-incisional aesthetic procedures, known as bioplasty. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature to show clinical studies that addressed the appearance of fat embolism syndrome in patients who underwent PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) infiltration in bioplasty. Even with the exhaustion of sources and the expansion of systematic research that followed the precepts of the PRISMA protocol, the answer was only one article that was added to the present study. Unfortunately, no reviews or experimental studies are looking at FES in PMMA infiltration. Most of the available reports are about liposuction and correlate with bone trauma when PMMA use is mentioned. This review serves as a wake-up call for nonscientific studies and reports on the risks of using PMMA in bioplasty, but no reports or articles were obtained related to life-threatening fat embolism.

Long Term Outcome of In-Stent Stenosis after Stent Assisted Coil Embolization for Cerebral Aneurysm

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluatelong-term radiologic prognosis and characteristics of in-stent stenosis (ISS) after stent assisted coiling (SAC) for cerebral aneurysm and analyze its risk factors. METHODS: Radiological records of 362 cases of SAC during 10 years were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included in this study if they had follow-up angiogram using catheter selected angiography at least twice. All subjected were followed up from 12 months to over 30 months. Of 120 patients, 123 aneurysms were enrolled. Patient data including age, sex, aneurysm size, neck size, procedural complication, kinds of stent, ISS associated symptom, ruptured state, location of ISS, degree of ISS, radiologic prognosis of ISS, follow-up period of time, and medical comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and smoking were collected.Statistical comparisons of group clinical characteristics were conducted for the total population. RESULTS: Among 123 casesof aneurysm, 22 cases (17.9%) of ISS were revealed on follow-up angiography. Multiple stenting was performed in three cases and intra-procedural rupture occurred in two cases. Most cases were asymptomatic and symptomatic stenosis was identified in only one case. Sixteen cases were ruptured aneurysm. Mild stenosis was observed in 11 cases. Moderate stenosis was found in eight cases and severe stenosis was identified in three cases. Mean timing of identification of ISS was 8.90 months. The most common type was proximal type. Most cases were improved or not changed on follow-up angiography. Only one case was aggravated from mild stenosis to occlusion of parent artery. Mean follow-up period was 44.3 months. We compared risk factors and characteristic between ISS group and non-ISS group using univariate analysis. Multiple stenting was performed for three cases (13.6%) of the ISS group and four cases (4.0%) of the non-ISS group, showing no statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.108). Additionally, the proportion of patients who had more than two risk factors among four medical risk factors (hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, and smoking) was higher in the ISS group than that in the non-ISS group, the difference between the two was not statistically significant either (31.8% vs. 12.9%, p=0.05). CONCLUSION: Clinical course and long-term prognosis of ISS might be benign. Most cases of ISS could be improved or not aggravated. Control of medical co-morbidity might be important. To the best of our knowledge, our study had more cases with longer follow-up period of time than other reports.

Long Term Outcome of In-Stent Stenosis after Stent Assisted Coil Embolization for Cerebral Aneurysm

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluatelong-term radiologic prognosis and characteristics of in-stent stenosis (ISS) after stent assisted coiling (SAC) for cerebral aneurysm and analyze its risk factors.METHODS: Radiological records of 362 cases of SAC during 10 years were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included in this study if they had follow-up angiogram using catheter selected angiography at least twice. All subjected were followed up from 12 months to over 30 months. Of 120 patients, 123 aneurysms were enrolled. Patient data including age, sex, aneurysm size, neck size, procedural complication, kinds of stent, ISS associated symptom, ruptured state, location of ISS, degree of ISS, radiologic prognosis of ISS, follow-up period of time, and medical comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and smoking were collected.Statistical comparisons of group clinical characteristics were conducted for the total population.RESULTS: Among 123 casesof aneurysm, 22 cases (17.9%) of ISS were revealed on follow-up angiography. Multiple stenting was performed in three cases and intra-procedural rupture occurred in two cases. Most cases were asymptomatic and symptomatic stenosis was identified in only one case. Sixteen cases were ruptured aneurysm. Mild stenosis was observed in 11 cases. Moderate stenosis was found in eight cases and severe stenosis was identified in three cases. Mean timing of identification of ISS was 8.90 months. The most common type was proximal type. Most cases were improved or not changed on follow-up angiography. Only one case was aggravated from mild stenosis to occlusion of parent artery. Mean follow-up period was 44.3 months. We compared risk factors and characteristic between ISS group and non-ISS group using univariate analysis. Multiple stenting was performed for three cases (13.6%) of the ISS group and four cases (4.0%) of the non-ISS group, showing no statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.108). Additionally, the proportion of patients who had more than two risk factors among four medical risk factors (hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, and smoking) was higher in the ISS group than that in the non-ISS group, the difference between the two was not statistically significant either (31.8% vs. 12.9%, p=0.05).CONCLUSION: Clinical course and long-term prognosis of ISS might be benign. Most cases of ISS could be improved or not aggravated. Control of medical co-morbidity might be important. To the best of our knowledge, our study had more cases with longer follow-up period of time than other reports.

Efecto de la anemia en el desarrollo infantil: consecuencias a largo plazo / Effect of anemia on child development: long-term consequences

La anemia en niños menores de tres años es un problema de salud pública en el Perú y el mundo. Se estima que la causa principal de la anemia, aunque no la única, es la deficiencia de hierro. Existen muchos estudios y revisiones sobre cómo esta carencia en los infantes impacta negativamente en el desarrollo psicomotor y, a pesar de corregirse la anemia, los niños con este antecedente presentan, a largo plazo, un menor desempeño en las áreas cognitiva, social y emocional. Estos hallazgos se describen en estudios observacionales, de seguimiento, así como en experimentales con grupo control. La anemia puede disminuir el desempeño escolar, y la productividad en la vida adulta, afectando la calidad de vida, y en general la economía de las personas afectadas. Se describen algunos posibles mecanismos de cómo la deficiencia de hierro, con o sin anemia, podría afectar el desarrollo en la infancia; por ello, causa preocupación la alta prevalencia de anemia que se observa en este grupo de edad. La prevención de la anemia en el primer año de vida debe ser la meta para evitar consecuencias en el desarrollo de la persona a largo plazo.

Anemia in children younger than 3 years is a public health problem in Peru and worldwide. It is believed that one of the primary causes of anemia is iron deficiency. Numerous studies and reviews have reported that iron deficiency limited psychomotor development in children and that, despite the correction of anemia, children with iron deficiency experienced poorer long-term performance in cognitive, social, and emotional functioning. These outcomes were reported in observational studies, follow-up studies, and experimental studies with a control group. Anemia can decrease school performance, productivity in adult life, quality of life, and the general income of affected individuals. Here we describe possible mechanisms underlying the effect of iron deficiency, with or without anemia, on childhood development. The high rate of anemia in this age group is a cause for concern. Moreover, anemia should be prevented in the first year of life to avoid long-term negative effects on individual development.

The Evaluation of Feasibility and Predictive Validity of Comprehensive Korean Frailty Instrument: Using the 2008 and 2011 Living Profiles of Older People Survey in Korea

PURPOSE: This study aimed to verify the predictive validity of Comprehensive Korean Frailty Instrument (CKFI) among older adults. METHODS: A secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study was conducted. Frailty was determined in older adults (N=9,188) according to the data in 2008 and the effects of frailty on adverse outcomes (such as institutionalization and death) were evaluated according to the data in 2011. The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) index was used to compare with the predictive validity of CKFI. RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty was 26.3%. With the CKFI, the frail group had a higher risk of negative health outcomes compared to the robust and pre-frail groups after three years. The two of the highest risks identified using the CKFI and CHS index were institutionalization (5.522 times higher) and mortality (3.210 times higher). For both instruments, the survival analysis revealed that the risk of death increased as the degree of frailty increased. CONCLUSION: The CKFI consisting of self-report items and multidimensional aspects of frailty can be used as a simple instrument for assessing the frailty of older adults residing in a local community in Korea.

Effects of acute kidney injury after liver resection on long-term outcomes / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effects of acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver resection on the long-term outcome, including mortality and renal dysfunction after hospital discharge. METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study of patients who underwent liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with sevoflurane anesthesia between January 2004 and October 2011, survived the hospital stay, and were followed for at least 3 years or died within 3 years after hospital discharge. AKI was diagnosed based on the Acute Kidney Injury Network classification within 72 hours postoperatively. In addition to the data obtained during hospitalization, serum creatinine concentration data were collected and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated after hospital discharge. RESULTS: AKI patients (63%, P = 0.002) were more likely to reach the threshold of an estimated GFR (eGFR) of 45 ml/min/1.73 m² within 3 years than non-AKI patients (31%) although there was no significant difference in mortality (33% vs. 29%). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that postoperative AKI was significantly associated with the composite outcome of mortality or an eGFR of 45 ml/min/1.73 m² (95% CI of hazard ratio, 1.05–2.96, P = 0.033), but not with mortality (P = 0.699), the composite outcome of mortality or an eGFR of 60 ml/min/1.73 m² (P =0.347). CONCLUSIONS: After liver resection, AKI patients may be at higher risk of mortality or moderate renal dysfunction within 3 years. These findings suggest that even after discharge from the hospital, patients who suffered AKI after liver resection may need to be followed-up regarding renal function in the long term.

Efeitos adversos da hipodermóclise em pacientes adultos: revisão integrativa / Adverse effects of hypodermoclysis in adult patients: an integrative review / Efectos adversos de hipodermoclisis en pacientes adultos: una revisión integradora

A hipodermóclise é uma técnica indicada para a desidratação leve a moderada, principalmente em pacientes idosos ou que estão sob cuidados paliativos. É subutilizada na prática clínica, pelo desconhecimento dos profissionais e pelo relato de efeitos adversos. Este artigo é uma revisão integrativa que identificou na literatura artigos relacionados aos efeitos adversos da hipodermóclise em pacientes adultos. Foi realizada busca no portal Pubmed e nas bases de dados Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Cinahl e Scielo. Identificaram-se 13 artigos, dos quais cinco foram revisões de literatura, três eram coortes, dois ensaios clínicos randomizados, um relato de caso, uma revisão sistemática e um relato de experiência. Os efeitos adversos mais relatados foram dor local e sobrecarga de líquidos em 61% dos estudos, edema local em 53% e celulite em 38%. Concluiu-se que os efeitos adversos foram mínimos e similares à via endovenosa e a técnica se mostrou segura e eficaz.

The Hypodermoclisis is an indicated technique for mild to moderate dehydration, especially in elderly patients or those under palliative care. It is underutilized in clinical practice, due to the lack of knowledge of the professionals and the report of adverse effects. This article is an integrative review that has identified in the literature articles related to the adverse effects of hypodermoclisis in adult patients. We searched the Pubmed portal and the Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Cinahl and Scielo databases. We identified 13 articles, of which five were literature reviews, three were cohorts, two randomized clinical trials, one case report, one systematic review and one experience report. The most commonly reported adverse events were local pain and fluid overload in 61% of the studies, local edema in 53% and cellulitis in 38%. It was concluded that the adverse effects were minimal and similar to the intravenous route and the technique proved to be safe and effective.

La hipodermoclisis es una técnica indicada para los casos leves de deshidratación moderada, especialmente en pacientes de edad avanzada o aquellos que están bajo los cuidados paliativos. Se infrautilizado en la práctica clínica, la falta de profesionales y la notificación de los efectos adversos. Este artículo es una revisión integradora que identificó en los artículos de la literatura relacionada con los efectos adversos de hipodermoclisis en pacientes adultos. Se realizó una búsqueda en el portal de PubMed y Embase en las bases de datos LILACS, Scopus, CINAHL y Scielo. 13 artículos han sido identificados, de los cuales cinco son revisión de la literatura, había tres cohortes, dos ensayos clínicos aleatorios, uno de reporte de casos, una revisión sistemática y experiencia de informes. Los eventos adversos más frecuentes fueron dolor local y la sobrecarga de líquidos en el 61% de los estudios, edema local en el 53% y la celulitis en un 38%. Se concluyó que los efectos adversos fueron mínimos y similares para vía intravenosa y la técnica han demostrado ser seguro y eficaz.

Long-Term Effects of Untreated Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Review of the Literature

Currently, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is principally regarded as benign, but some researchers have cited serious or extreme effects, including severe pain, cardiopulmonary compromise, social isolation, and even early death. Therefore, exploration of the long-term effects of AIS, the most common type of idiopathic scoliosis, is warranted. The purpose of this review was to examine the long-term studies on the natural history of AIS and/or reviews concerning the long-term effects of untreated AIS. A PubMed search was conducted using the key words idiopathic scoliosis, long-term effects and idiopathic scoliosis, natural history. For further analysis, references cited in those studies were reviewed for additional, related evidence not retrieved in the initial PubMed search. A review of the pertinent bibliography showed that older natural history studies did not distinguish between late-onset scoliosis (referred to in this paper as AIS) and early-onset scoliosis (EOS). The more recent studies offer such important distinction and reach to the general conclusion that untreated AIS does not lead to severe consequences with respect to signs and symptoms of scoliosis. It is possible that earlier studies may have included patient populations with EOS, leading to the perception of untreated scoliosis as having an unusually high morbidity rate. Studies on the long-term effects of AIS that specifically excluded EOS patients conclude that AIS is a benign disorder. This indicates that for research and reporting purposes, it is important to distinguishing between AIS and EOS. This will allow the practitioner and patient and their families to decide on an optimal treatment plan based on the most appropriate prognosis.